Threads with Key Bindings
First off, use Swing KeyBindings Also I see no real need for multi-threadung unless you want your game multi-threaded.
To clarify the problem is you need to be able for 2 players to press different keys?
If so:
Solution:
Simply use booleans to flag whether or not a key is pressed down, you would than of course have to reset the flag when the key is released.
In your game logic you would check the states if the booleans and act appropriately.
See my below example (both paddles can move independently using W and S and UP and DOWN keys):
public class GameLogic {
public GameLogic() {
initComponents();
}
private void initComponents() {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Game Test");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
//create the gamepanel
final GamePanel gp = new GamePanel(600, 500);
//create panel to hold buttons to start pause and stop the game
JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel();
buttonPanel.setOpaque(false);
final JButton startButton = new JButton("Start");
final JButton pauseButton = new JButton("Pause");
final JButton stopButton = new JButton("Stop");
pauseButton.setEnabled(false);
stopButton.setEnabled(false);
//add listeners to buttons (most of the actions - excuse the pun - takes palce here :)
startButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
//clear enitites currently in array
gp.clearEntities();
ArrayList<BufferedImage> ballEntityImages = new ArrayList<>();
ArrayList<Long> ballEntityTimings = new ArrayList<>();
ballEntityImages.add(createColouredImage("white", 50, 50, true));
ballEntityTimings.add(500l);
Entity ballEntity = new Entity(gp.getWidth() / 2, gp.getHeight() / 2, ballEntityImages, ballEntityTimings);
ballEntity.RIGHT = true;
//create images for entities
ArrayList<BufferedImage> advEntityImages = new ArrayList<>();
ArrayList<Long> advEntityTimings = new ArrayList<>();
advEntityImages.add(createColouredImage("orange", 10, 100, false));
advEntityTimings.add(500l);
advEntityImages.add(createColouredImage("blue", 10, 100, false));
advEntityTimings.add(500l);
//create entities
AdvancedSpritesEntity player1Entity = new AdvancedSpritesEntity(0, 100, advEntityImages, advEntityTimings);
ArrayList<BufferedImage> entityImages = new ArrayList<>();
ArrayList<Long> entityTimings = new ArrayList<>();
entityImages.add(createColouredImage("red", 10, 100, false));
entityTimings.add(500l);//as its the only image it doesnt really matter what time we put we could use 0l
//entityImages.add(createColouredImage("magenta", 100, 100));
//entityTimings.add(500l);
Entity player2Entity = new Entity(gp.getWidth() - 10, 200, entityImages, entityTimings);
gp.addEntity(player1Entity);
gp.addEntity(player2Entity);//just a standing still Entity for testing
gp.addEntity(ballEntity);//just a standing still Entity for testing
//create Keybingings for gamepanel
GameKeyBindings gameKeyBindings = new GameKeyBindings(gp, player1Entity, player2Entity);
GamePanel.running.set(true);
//start the game loop which will repaint the screen
runGameLoop(gp);
startButton.setEnabled(false);
pauseButton.setEnabled(true);
stopButton.setEnabled(true);
}
});
pauseButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
boolean b = GamePanel.paused.get();
GamePanel.paused.set(!b);//set it to the opposite of what it was i.e paused to unpaused and vice versa
if (pauseButton.getText().equals("Pause")) {
pauseButton.setText("Un-pause");
} else {
pauseButton.setText("Pause");
}
}
});
stopButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
GamePanel.running.set(false);
GamePanel.paused.set(false);
/* if we want enitites to be cleared and a blank panel shown
gp.clearEntities();
gp.repaint();
*/
if (!pauseButton.getText().equals("Pause")) {
pauseButton.setText("Pause");
}
startButton.setEnabled(true);
pauseButton.setEnabled(false);
stopButton.setEnabled(false);
}
});
//add buttons to panel
buttonPanel.add(startButton);
buttonPanel.add(pauseButton);
buttonPanel.add(stopButton);
//add gamepanel to jframe and button panel
frame.add(gp);
frame.add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
frame.pack();
frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
//Simply used for testing (to simulate sprites) can create different colored images
public static BufferedImage createColouredImage(String color, int w, int h, boolean circular) {
BufferedImage img = new BufferedImage(w, h, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
Graphics2D g2 = img.createGraphics();
switch (color.toLowerCase()) {
case "green":
g2.setColor(Color.GREEN);
break;
case "magenta":
g2.setColor(Color.MAGENTA);
break;
case "red":
g2.setColor(Color.RED);
break;
case "yellow":
g2.setColor(Color.YELLOW);
break;
case "blue":
g2.setColor(Color.BLUE);
break;
case "orange":
g2.setColor(Color.ORANGE);
break;
case "cyan":
g2.setColor(Color.CYAN);
break;
case "gray":
g2.setColor(Color.GRAY);
break;
default:
g2.setColor(Color.WHITE);
break;
}
if (!circular) {
g2.fillRect(0, 0, img.getWidth(), img.getHeight());
} else {
g2.fillOval(0, 0, img.getWidth(), img.getHeight());
}
g2.dispose();
return img;
}
//Starts a new thread and runs the game loop in it.
private void runGameLoop(final GamePanel gp) {
Thread loop = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
gp.gameLoop();
}
});
loop.start();
}
//Code starts here
public static void main(String[] args) {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {//attempt to set look and feel to nimbus Java 7 and up
for (UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo info : UIManager.getInstalledLookAndFeels()) {
if ("Nimbus".equals(info.getName())) {
UIManager.setLookAndFeel(info.getClassName());
break;
}
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException | InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | UnsupportedLookAndFeelException ex) {
}
GameLogic gameLogic = new GameLogic();
}
});
}
}
class GameKeyBindings {
public GameKeyBindings(JComponent gp, final Entity entity, final Entity entity2) {
gp.getInputMap(JComponent.WHEN_IN_FOCUSED_WINDOW).put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_W, 0, false), "W pressed");
gp.getActionMap().put("W pressed", new AbstractAction() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
entity.UP = true;
}
});
gp.getInputMap(JComponent.WHEN_IN_FOCUSED_WINDOW).put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_W, 0, true), "W released");
gp.getActionMap().put("W released", new AbstractAction() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
entity.UP = false;
}
});
gp.getInputMap(JComponent.WHEN_IN_FOCUSED_WINDOW).put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_S, 0, false), "S pressed");
gp.getActionMap().put("S pressed", new AbstractAction() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
entity.DOWN = true;
}
});
gp.getInputMap(JComponent.WHEN_IN_FOCUSED_WINDOW).put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_S, 0, true), "S released");
gp.getActionMap().put("S released", new AbstractAction() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
entity.DOWN = false;
}
});
gp.getInputMap(JComponent.WHEN_IN_FOCUSED_WINDOW).put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_DOWN, 0, false), "down pressed");
gp.getActionMap().put("down pressed", new AbstractAction() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
entity2.DOWN = true;
}
});
gp.getInputMap(JComponent.WHEN_IN_FOCUSED_WINDOW).put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_DOWN, 0, true), "down released");
gp.getActionMap().put("down released", new AbstractAction() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
entity2.DOWN = false;
}
});
gp.getInputMap(JComponent.WHEN_IN_FOCUSED_WINDOW).put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_UP, 0, false), "up pressed");
gp.getActionMap().put("up pressed", new AbstractAction() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
entity2.UP = true;
}
});
gp.getInputMap(JComponent.WHEN_IN_FOCUSED_WINDOW).put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_UP, 0, true), "up released");
gp.getActionMap().put("up released", new AbstractAction() {
@Override
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
entity2.UP = false;
}
});
}
}
class AdvancedSpritesEntity extends Entity {
public AdvancedSpritesEntity(int x, int y, ArrayList<BufferedImage> images, ArrayList<Long> timings) {
super(x, y, images, timings);
}
void setAnimation(ArrayList<BufferedImage> images, ArrayList<Long> timings) {
reset();//reset variables of animator class
setFrames(images, timings);//set new frames for animation
}
}
class Entity extends Animator {
private int speed = 5;
public boolean UP = false, DOWN = false, LEFT = false, RIGHT = false, visible;
private Rectangle2D.Double rect;
public Entity(int x, int y, ArrayList<BufferedImage> images, ArrayList<Long> timings) {
super(images, timings);
UP = false;
DOWN = false;
LEFT = false;
RIGHT = false;
visible = true;
rect = new Rectangle2D.Double(x, y, getCurrentImage().getWidth(), getCurrentImage().getHeight());
}
public void setSpeed(int speed) {
this.speed = speed;
}
public int getSpeed() {
return speed;
}
public boolean isVisible() {
return visible;
}
public void setVisible(boolean visible) {
this.visible = visible;
}
public HashSet<String> getMask(Entity e) {
HashSet<String> mask = new HashSet<>();
int pixel, a;
BufferedImage bi = e.getCurrentImage();//gets the current image being shown
for (int i = 0; i < bi.getWidth(); i++) { // for every (x,y) component in the given box,
for (int j = 0; j < bi.getHeight(); j++) {
pixel = bi.getRGB(i, j); // get the RGB value of the pixel
a = (pixel >> 24) & 0xff;
if (a != 0) { // if the alpha is not 0, it must be something other than transparent
mask.add((e.getX() + i) + "," + (e.getY() - j)); // add the absolute x and absolute y coordinates to our set
}
}
}
return mask; //return our set
}
// Returns true if there is a collision between object a and object b
public boolean checkPerPixelCollision(Entity b) {
// This method detects to see if the images overlap at all. If they do, collision is possible
int ax1 = (int) getX();
int ay1 = (int) getY();
int ax2 = ax1 + (int) getWidth();
int ay2 = ay1 + (int) getHeight();
int bx1 = (int) b.getX();
int by1 = (int) b.getY();
int bx2 = bx1 + (int) b.getWidth();
int by2 = by1 + (int) b.getHeight();
if (by2 < ay1 || ay2 < by1 || bx2 < ax1 || ax2 < bx1) {
return false; // Collision is impossible.
} else { // Collision is possible.
// get the masks for both images
HashSet<String> maskPlayer1 = getMask(this);
HashSet<String> maskPlayer2 = getMask(b);
maskPlayer1.retainAll(maskPlayer2); // Check to see if any pixels in maskPlayer2 are the same as those in maskPlayer1
if (maskPlayer1.size() > 0) { // if so, than there exists at least one pixel that is the same in both images, thus
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public void move() {
if (UP) {
rect.y -= speed;
}
if (DOWN) {
rect.y += speed;
}
if (LEFT) {
rect.x -= speed;
}
if (RIGHT) {
rect.x += speed;
}
}
@Override
public void update(long elapsedTime) {
super.update(elapsedTime);
getWidth();//set the rectangles height accordingly after image update
getHeight();//set rectangles height accordingle after update
}
public boolean intersects(Entity e) {
return rect.intersects(e.rect);
}
public double getX() {
return rect.x;
}
public double getY() {
return rect.y;
}
public double getWidth() {
if (getCurrentImage() == null) {//there might be no image (which is unwanted ofcourse but we must not get NPE so we check for null and return 0
return rect.width = 0;
}
return rect.width = getCurrentImage().getWidth();
}
public double getHeight() {
if (getCurrentImage() == null) {
return rect.height = 0;
}
return rect.height = getCurrentImage().getHeight();
}
}
class Animator {
private ArrayList<BufferedImage> frames;
private ArrayList<Long> timings;
private int currIndex;
private long animationTime;
private long totalAnimationDuration;
private AtomicBoolean done;//used to keep track if a single set of frames/ an animtion has finished its loop
public Animator(ArrayList<BufferedImage> frames, ArrayList< Long> timings) {
currIndex = 0;
animationTime = 0;
totalAnimationDuration = 0;
done = new AtomicBoolean(false);
this.frames = new ArrayList<>();
this.timings = new ArrayList<>();
setFrames(frames, timings);
}
public boolean isDone() {
return done.get();
}
public void reset() {
totalAnimationDuration = 0;
done.getAndSet(false);
}
public void update(long elapsedTime) {
if (frames.size() > 1) {
animationTime += elapsedTime;
if (animationTime >= totalAnimationDuration) {
animationTime = animationTime % totalAnimationDuration;
currIndex = 0;
done.getAndSet(true);
}
while (animationTime > timings.get(currIndex)) {
currIndex++;
}
}
}
public BufferedImage getCurrentImage() {
if (frames.isEmpty()) {
return null;
} else {
try {
return frames.get(currIndex);
} catch (Exception ex) {//images might have been altered so we reset the index and return first image of the new frames/animation
currIndex = 0;
return frames.get(currIndex);
}
}
}
public void setFrames(ArrayList<BufferedImage> frames, ArrayList< Long> timings) {
if (frames == null || timings == null) {//so that constructor super(null,null) cause this to throw NullPointerException
return;
}
this.frames = frames;
this.timings.clear();
for (long animTime : timings) {
totalAnimationDuration += animTime;
this.timings.add(totalAnimationDuration);
}
}
}
class GamePanel extends JPanel {
private final static RenderingHints textRenderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_TEXT_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_TEXT_ANTIALIAS_ON);
private final static RenderingHints imageRenderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
private final static RenderingHints colorRenderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_COLOR_RENDERING, RenderingHints.VALUE_COLOR_RENDER_QUALITY);
private final static RenderingHints interpolationRenderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_INTERPOLATION, RenderingHints.VALUE_INTERPOLATION_BICUBIC);
private final static RenderingHints renderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_RENDERING, RenderingHints.VALUE_RENDER_QUALITY);
public static AtomicBoolean running = new AtomicBoolean(false), paused = new AtomicBoolean(false);
private int width, height, frameCount = 0, fps = 0;
private ArrayList<Entity> entities = new ArrayList<>();
private final Random random = new Random();
public GamePanel(int w, int h) {
super(true);//make sure double buffering is enabled
setIgnoreRepaint(true);//mustnt repaint itself the gameloop will do that
width = w;
height = h;
}
@Override
public Dimension getPreferredSize() {
return new Dimension(width, height);
}
public void addEntity(Entity e) {
entities.add(e);
}
void clearEntities() {
entities.clear();
}
//Only run this in another Thread!
public void gameLoop() {
//This value would probably be stored elsewhere.
final double GAME_HERTZ = 30.0;
//Calculate how many ns each frame should take for our target game hertz.
final double TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES = 1000000000 / GAME_HERTZ;
//At the very most we will update the game this many times before a new render.
//If you're worried about visual hitches more than perfect timing, set this to 1.
final int MAX_UPDATES_BEFORE_RENDER = 5;
//We will need the last update time.
double lastUpdateTime = System.nanoTime();
//Store the last time we rendered.
double lastRenderTime = System.nanoTime();
//If we are able to get as high as this FPS, don't render again.
final double TARGET_FPS = 60;
final double TARGET_TIME_BETWEEN_RENDERS = 1000000000 / TARGET_FPS;
//Simple way of finding FPS.
int lastSecondTime = (int) (lastUpdateTime / 1000000000);
//store the time we started this will be used for updating map and charcter animations
long currTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
while (running.get()) {
if (!paused.get()) {
double now = System.nanoTime();
long elapsedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - currTime;
currTime += elapsedTime;
int updateCount = 0;
//Do as many game updates as we need to, potentially playing catchup.
while (now - lastUpdateTime > TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES && updateCount < MAX_UPDATES_BEFORE_RENDER) {
updateGame(elapsedTime);//Update the entity movements and collision checks etc (all has to do with updating the games status i.e call move() on Enitites)
lastUpdateTime += TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES;
updateCount++;
}
//If for some reason an update takes forever, we don't want to do an insane number of catchups.
//If you were doing some sort of game that needed to keep EXACT time, you would get rid of this.
if (now - lastUpdateTime > TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES) {
lastUpdateTime = now - TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES;
}
drawGame();//draw the game by invokeing repaint (which will call paintComponent) on this JPanel
lastRenderTime = now;
//Update the frames we got.
int thisSecond = (int) (lastUpdateTime / 1000000000);
if (thisSecond > lastSecondTime) {
//System.out.println("NEW SECOND " + thisSecond + " " + frameCount);
fps = frameCount;
frameCount = 0;
lastSecondTime = thisSecond;
}
//Yield until it has been at least the target time between renders. This saves the CPU from hogging.
while (now - lastRenderTime < TARGET_TIME_BETWEEN_RENDERS && now - lastUpdateTime < TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES) {
//allow the threading system to play threads that are waiting to run.
Thread.yield();
//This stops the app from consuming all your CPU. It makes this slightly less accurate, but is worth it.
//You can remove this line and it will still work (better), your CPU just climbs on certain OSes.
//FYI on some OS's this can cause pretty bad stuttering. Scroll down and have a look at different peoples' solutions to this.
//On my OS(Windows 7 x64 intel i3) it does not allow for time to make enityt etc move thus all stands still
try {
Thread.sleep(1);
} catch (Exception e) {
}
now = System.nanoTime();
}
}
}
fps = 0;//no more running set fps to 0
}
private void drawGame() {
//Both revalidate and repaint are thread-safe — you need not invoke them from the event-dispatching thread. http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/layout/howLayoutWorks.html
repaint();
}
private void updateGame(long elapsedTime) {
updateEntityMovements(elapsedTime);
checkForCollisions();
}
private void checkForCollisions() {
if (entities.get(0).intersects(entities.get(2)) || entities.get(1).intersects(entities.get(2))) {
if (entities.get(2).LEFT) {
entities.get(2).RIGHT = true;
entities.get(2).LEFT = false;
} else {
entities.get(2).LEFT = true;
entities.get(2).RIGHT = false;
}
System.out.println("Intersecting");
} /*
//This is best used when images have transparent and non-transparent pixels (only detects pixel collisions of non-transparent pixels)
if (entities.get(0).checkPerPixelCollision(entities.get(2)) | entities.get(1).checkPerPixelCollision(entities.get(2))) {
if (entities.get(2).LEFT) {
entities.get(2).RIGHT = true;
entities.get(2).LEFT = false;
} else {
entities.get(2).LEFT = true;
entities.get(2).RIGHT = false;
}
System.out.println("Intersecting");
}
*/
}
private void updateEntityMovements(long elapsedTime) {
for (Entity e : entities) {
e.update(elapsedTime);
e.move();
}
}
@Override
protected void paintComponent(Graphics grphcs) {
super.paintComponent(grphcs);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) grphcs;
applyRenderHints(g2d);
drawBackground(g2d);
drawEntitiesToScreen(g2d);
drawFpsCounter(g2d);
frameCount++;
}
public static void applyRenderHints(Graphics2D g2d) {
g2d.setRenderingHints(textRenderHints);
g2d.setRenderingHints(imageRenderHints);
g2d.setRenderingHints(colorRenderHints);
g2d.setRenderingHints(interpolationRenderHints);
g2d.setRenderingHints(renderHints);
}
private void drawEntitiesToScreen(Graphics2D g2d) {
for (Entity e : entities) {
if (e.isVisible()) {
g2d.drawImage(e.getCurrentImage(), (int) e.getX(), (int) e.getY(), null);
}
}
}
private void drawFpsCounter(Graphics2D g2d) {
g2d.setColor(Color.WHITE);
g2d.drawString("FPS: " + fps, 5, 10);
}
private void drawBackground(Graphics2D g2d) {
g2d.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g2d.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
//thanks to trashgod for lovely testing background :) http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3256269/jtextfields-on-top-of-active-drawing-on-jpanel-threading-problems/3256941#3256941
g2d.setColor(Color.BLACK);
for (int i = 0; i < 128; i++) {
g2d.setColor(new Color(random.nextInt(256), random.nextInt(256), random.nextInt(256)));//random color
g2d.drawLine(getWidth() / 2, getHeight() / 2, random.nextInt(getWidth()), random.nextInt(getHeight()));
}
}
}
Using keyListeners with multiple threads / KeyBinding
It is a hardware issue. I went to http://blog.controlspace.org/2010/08/n-key-rollover-what-it-is-and-how-to.html?m=1 (MadProgrammer's comment) and tested 3 different keyboard I own, and they all perform differently.
How to use key binding with JFrame in java
You need to use KeyBindings with a component that extends from JComponent, such as a JPanel as the object has to have the getActionMap() and getInputMap() to allow bindings to be made. JFrame does not extend from JComponent, and so you cannot directly bind to the JFrame, but can bind to any of its components that do satisfy this rule.
So, in your code above, you could add Key Bindings to the Main JPanel or to the JFrame's contentPane, which is a JPanel but will have to be cast as one first.
Your code above though has a problem in that the c.add(new Main()); in the Main's constructor will cause infinite recursion and thus a StackOverflowException. Either add this or put the JFrame creational code within the main method.
Java Key Bindings output to console on key press
The whole problem was that your panel didn't have focus, and thusly couldn't recieve any input events. After following this answer, adding 2 lines solved the problem:
public GamePanel() {
...
setFocusable(true); //add this anywhere in this constructor
}
public MainFrame() {
...
frame.add(gamepanel);
gamepanel.requestFocusInWindow();
//add this after adding the panel to your frame and making it visible
}
EDIT:
Also, you code has several bugs:
- Moving up should be
y--, since top-left corner has coordinates [0,0] and thexaxis is going to right andyis going down (unlike in math class) - You should never call
Thread.sleep()insidepaint()method, since that method has to be as fast as possible. - You are "starting" a new thread using
thread.run(), usethread.start()instead, that will acctually start a new thread instead of just calling therunmethod in current thread. - Change the
iftowhilein yourloopmethod, also remove theloopcall from thepaintmethod to solve previous two mistakes.
These are not to criticise you (everyone was starting at some point) but to help you.
KeyListener in a new thread for game input capture
The program freezes because of the call to game.join() in startNewGame. join keeps the thread it was called from from continuing execution until the thread it was called on dies. In your situation, join defeats the purpose of using another thread, so you should just remove that.
There are other issues, though. You probably shouldn't use a thread. You should probably use a Swing Timer. Swing isn't thread-safe, and I can already see a few places where your code isn't thread-safe either. (For example, you need to declare capturedDirection as volatile.) Writing correct multi-threaded code with Swing is a bit complicated and it would be much simpler to just use a timer.
Otherwise, if you don't use a timer, you need to use e.g. synchronization between the game thread (which writes to shared game state) and the Swing thread which does painting (and presumably reads from shared game state).
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