Screenshot of Inactive Window Printwindow + Win32Gui

Screenshot of inactive window PrintWindow + win32gui

After lots of searching and trying various different methods, the following worked for me.

import win32gui
import win32ui
from ctypes import windll
import Image

hwnd = win32gui.FindWindow(None, 'Calculator')

# Change the line below depending on whether you want the whole window
# or just the client area. 
#left, top, right, bot = win32gui.GetClientRect(hwnd)
left, top, right, bot = win32gui.GetWindowRect(hwnd)
w = right - left
h = bot - top

hwndDC = win32gui.GetWindowDC(hwnd)
mfcDC  = win32ui.CreateDCFromHandle(hwndDC)
saveDC = mfcDC.CreateCompatibleDC()

saveBitMap = win32ui.CreateBitmap()
saveBitMap.CreateCompatibleBitmap(mfcDC, w, h)

saveDC.SelectObject(saveBitMap)

# Change the line below depending on whether you want the whole window
# or just the client area. 
#result = windll.user32.PrintWindow(hwnd, saveDC.GetSafeHdc(), 1)
result = windll.user32.PrintWindow(hwnd, saveDC.GetSafeHdc(), 0)
print result

bmpinfo = saveBitMap.GetInfo()
bmpstr = saveBitMap.GetBitmapBits(True)

im = Image.frombuffer(
    'RGB',
    (bmpinfo['bmWidth'], bmpinfo['bmHeight']),
    bmpstr, 'raw', 'BGRX', 0, 1)

win32gui.DeleteObject(saveBitMap.GetHandle())
saveDC.DeleteDC()
mfcDC.DeleteDC()
win32gui.ReleaseDC(hwnd, hwndDC)

if result == 1:
    #PrintWindow Succeeded
    im.save("test.png")

Capturing screenshots with win32api python returns black image

Based on the @Barmak's previous answer, I converted C + + code to python, and now it works.

import win32gui
import win32ui
import win32con
from ctypes import windll
from PIL import Image
import time
import ctypes

hwnd_target = 0x00480362 #Chrome handle be used for test 

left, top, right, bot = win32gui.GetWindowRect(hwnd_target)
w = right - left
h = bot - top

win32gui.SetForegroundWindow(hwnd_target)
time.sleep(1.0)

hdesktop = win32gui.GetDesktopWindow()
hwndDC = win32gui.GetWindowDC(hdesktop)
mfcDC  = win32ui.CreateDCFromHandle(hwndDC)
saveDC = mfcDC.CreateCompatibleDC()

saveBitMap = win32ui.CreateBitmap()
saveBitMap.CreateCompatibleBitmap(mfcDC, w, h)

saveDC.SelectObject(saveBitMap)

result = saveDC.BitBlt((0, 0), (w, h), mfcDC, (left, top), win32con.SRCCOPY)

bmpinfo = saveBitMap.GetInfo()
bmpstr = saveBitMap.GetBitmapBits(True)

im = Image.frombuffer(
    'RGB',
    (bmpinfo['bmWidth'], bmpinfo['bmHeight']),
    bmpstr, 'raw', 'BGRX', 0, 1)

win32gui.DeleteObject(saveBitMap.GetHandle())
saveDC.DeleteDC()
mfcDC.DeleteDC()
win32gui.ReleaseDC(hdesktop, hwndDC)

if result == None:
    #PrintWindow Succeeded
    im.save("test.png")

Please note: Firefox uses Windowless Controls.

If you want to get the handle of Firefox, you may need UI Automation.

For a detailed explanation, please refer to @IInspectable's answer.

How to Get a Window or Fullscreen Screenshot (without PIL)?

Here's how you can do it using PIL on win32. Given a window handle (hwnd), you should only need the last 4 lines of code. The preceding simply search for a window with "firefox" in the title. Since PIL's source is available, you should be able to poke around the ImageGrab.grab(bbox) method and figure out the win32 code you need to make this happen.

from PIL import ImageGrab
import win32gui

toplist, winlist = [], []
def enum_cb(hwnd, results):
    winlist.append((hwnd, win32gui.GetWindowText(hwnd)))
win32gui.EnumWindows(enum_cb, toplist)

firefox = [(hwnd, title) for hwnd, title in winlist if 'firefox' in title.lower()]
# just grab the hwnd for first window matching firefox
firefox = firefox[0]
hwnd = firefox[0]

win32gui.SetForegroundWindow(hwnd)
bbox = win32gui.GetWindowRect(hwnd)
img = ImageGrab.grab(bbox)
img.show()

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