Htaccess Mod_Rewrite

.htaccess, use mod_rewrite to rewrite to a file OUTSIDE the web root

Short answer: no. The webserver can't directly access files outside of the document root. If you think about it, there would be quite a security problem if it could. What you can do is rewrite to a file within the document root that includes or reads from the file that is located outside of the root. (Moved from comments...)

.htaccess mod_rewrite with 3 directories levels

You are fairly close. Just note that RewriteCond is applicable to next immediate RewriteRule only so you check of !-f will only be used for first rule. You can have a separate rule to discard all requests that are for existing files and directories.

RewriteEngine On

# skip all files and directories from rewrite rules below
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -d [OR]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f
RewriteRule ^ - [L]

RewriteRule ^([\w-]+)/?$ category.php?category=$1 [L,QSA]
RewriteRule ^([\w-]+)/([\w-]+)/?$ type.php?category=$1&type=$2 [L,QSA]
RewriteRule ^([\w-]+)/([\w-]+)/([\w-]+)/?$ company.php?category=$1&type=$2&company=$3 [L,QSA]

htaccess mod_rewrite - rewrite folder and file to parameters

Could you please try following, written and tested with your shown samples. Please make sure you clear your browser cache before testing your URLs.

RewriteEngine ON
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^memes/([^/]*)/(.*jpg)$ memes/?folder=$1&pic=$2 [NC,L]

additional .htaccess in subfolder | mod_rewrite for query parameter

You can use this rule in /project-name/.htaccess:

RewriteEngine On

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^([\w-]+)/?$ index.php?preset=$1 [L,QSA]

rewrite problems (htaccess)

I am on mobile I haven't tested it but looks like you could be reaching out to maximum redirect limits here why because your condition in your root htaccess isn't looking good to me, try this once.

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
  RewriteEngine on
  RewriteRule ^$ public/ [L]
  RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/public/? [NC]
  RewriteRule (.*) public/$1 [L]
</IfModule>

Issues in OP's approach: You haven't mentioned any condition to when it should redirect so it doesn't know when to stop hence it's creating a loop here IMHO.

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