How to List Library Dependencies of a Non-Native Binary

How to list library dependencies of a non-native binary?

is there any way to get a list of the dynamically linked dependency for of a foreign binary

You can list direct dependencies of a binary easily enough:

readelf -d a.out | grep NEEDED

 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [librt.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libc.so.6]

I know of no way to recursively continue this to get the full list (as ldd does). You'll have to repeat the process for every NEEDED library by hand.

Does ldd also show dependencies of dependencies?

ldd shows all libraries that it would need to load when starting the application or loading a shared library.

readelf -d shows only direct dependencies of the binary.

$ readelf -d /opt/google/chrome/chrome | grep NEEDED
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libX11.so.6]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libXrandr.so.2]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libXrender.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libXss.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libXext.so.6]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [librt.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libdl.so.2]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libgobject-2.0.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libgthread-2.0.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libglib-2.0.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libgdk-x11-2.0.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libatk-1.0.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libpangocairo-1.0.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libcairo.so.2]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libpango-1.0.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libfreetype.so.6]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libfontconfig.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libnss3.so]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libnssutil3.so]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libsmime3.so]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libplc4.so]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libnspr4.so]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libpthread.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libgconf-2.so.4]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libdbus-1.so.3]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libXcomposite.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libasound.so.2]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libXfixes.so.3]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libcups.so.2]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libgcrypt.so.11]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libbz2.so.1.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libexpat.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libudev.so.0]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libstdc++.so.6]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libm.so.6]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libgcc_s.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libc.so.6]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]

$ ldd /opt/google/chrome/chrome
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fff9d3ff000)
    libX11.so.6 => /lib64/libX11.so.6 (0x00007f93186dc000)
    libXrandr.so.2 => /lib64/libXrandr.so.2 (0x00007f93184d3000)
    libXrender.so.1 => /lib64/libXrender.so.1 (0x00007f93182c9000)
    libXss.so.1 => /lib64/libXss.so.1 (0x00007f93180c5000)
    libXext.so.6 => /lib64/libXext.so.6 (0x00007f9317eb2000)
    librt.so.1 => /lib64/librt.so.1 (0x00007f9317caa000)
    libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f9317aa6000)
    libgobject-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgobject-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f9317858000)
    libgthread-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgthread-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f9317656000)
    libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f9317336000)
    libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f9316cbf000)
    libgdk-x11-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgdk-x11-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f9316a00000)
    libatk-1.0.so.0 => /lib64/libatk-1.0.so.0 (0x00007f93167de000)
    libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgdk_pixbuf-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f93165bb000)
    libpangocairo-1.0.so.0 => /lib64/libpangocairo-1.0.so.0 (0x00007f93163ae000)
    libcairo.so.2 => /lib64/libcairo.so.2 (0x00007f9316103000)
    libpango-1.0.so.0 => /lib64/libpango-1.0.so.0 (0x00007f9315eb7000)
    libfreetype.so.6 => /usr/lib64/freetype-freeworld/libfreetype.so.6 (0x00007f9315c15000)
    libfontconfig.so.1 => /lib64/libfontconfig.so.1 (0x00007f93159e0000)
    libnss3.so => /lib64/libnss3.so (0x00007f93156a4000)
    libnssutil3.so => /lib64/libnssutil3.so (0x00007f9315479000)
    libsmime3.so => /lib64/libsmime3.so (0x00007f931524c000)
    libplc4.so => /lib64/libplc4.so (0x00007f9315046000)
    libnspr4.so => /lib64/libnspr4.so (0x00007f9314e09000)
    libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f9314bed000)
    libgconf-2.so.4 => /lib64/libgconf-2.so.4 (0x00007f93149bc000)
    libdbus-1.so.3 => /lib64/libdbus-1.so.3 (0x00007f9314778000)
    libXcomposite.so.1 => /lib64/libXcomposite.so.1 (0x00007f9314575000)
    libasound.so.2 => /lib64/libasound.so.2 (0x00007f9314294000)
    libXfixes.so.3 => /lib64/libXfixes.so.3 (0x00007f931408e000)
    libcups.so.2 => /lib64/libcups.so.2 (0x00007f9313e33000)
    libgcrypt.so.11 => /lib64/libgcrypt.so.11 (0x00007f9313bba000)
    libbz2.so.1.0 => not found
    libexpat.so.1 => /lib64/libexpat.so.1 (0x00007f9313991000)
    libudev.so.0 => /lib64/libudev.so.0 (0x00007f9313782000)
    libstdc++.so.6 => /lib64/libstdc++.so.6 (0x00007f931347f000)
    libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f9313184000)
    libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib64/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x00007f9312f6e000)
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f9312bb7000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000003c7a000000)
    libxcb.so.1 => /lib64/libxcb.so.1 (0x00007f9312999000)
    libffi.so.5 => /lib64/libffi.so.5 (0x00007f9312790000)
    libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f931258c000)
    libgio-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgio-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f931223f000)
    libpangoft2-1.0.so.0 => /lib64/libpangoft2-1.0.so.0 (0x00007f9312012000)
    libXinerama.so.1 => /lib64/libXinerama.so.1 (0x00007f9311e0f000)
    libXi.so.6 => /lib64/libXi.so.6 (0x00007f9311c00000)
    libXcursor.so.1 => /lib64/libXcursor.so.1 (0x00007f93119f4000)
    libXdamage.so.1 => /lib64/libXdamage.so.1 (0x00007f93117f1000)
    libpng15.so.15 => /lib64/libpng15.so.15 (0x00007f93115c7000)
    libpixman-1.so.0 => /lib64/libpixman-1.so.0 (0x00007f9311340000)
    libz.so.1 => /lib64/libz.so.1 (0x00007f9311129000)
    libplds4.so => /lib64/libplds4.so (0x00007f9310f24000)
    libdbus-glib-1.so.2 => /lib64/libdbus-glib-1.so.2 (0x00007f9310cfd000)
    libgssapi_krb5.so.2 => /lib64/libgssapi_krb5.so.2 (0x00007f9310ab8000)
    libkrb5.so.3 => /lib64/libkrb5.so.3 (0x00007f93107d3000)
    libk5crypto.so.3 => /lib64/libk5crypto.so.3 (0x00007f93105a8000)
    libcom_err.so.2 => /lib64/libcom_err.so.2 (0x00007f93103a3000)
    libgnutls.so.26 => /lib64/libgnutls.so.26 (0x00007f93100eb000)
    libgpg-error.so.0 => /lib64/libgpg-error.so.0 (0x00007f930fee7000)
    libavahi-common.so.3 => /lib64/libavahi-common.so.3 (0x00007f930fcd9000)
    libavahi-client.so.3 => /lib64/libavahi-client.so.3 (0x00007f930fac8000)
    libcrypt.so.1 => /lib64/libcrypt.so.1 (0x00007f930f891000)
    libXau.so.6 => /lib64/libXau.so.6 (0x00007f930f68c000)
    libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f930f46b000)
    libresolv.so.2 => /lib64/libresolv.so.2 (0x00007f930f251000)
    libkrb5support.so.0 => /lib64/libkrb5support.so.0 (0x00007f930f046000)
    libkeyutils.so.1 => /lib64/libkeyutils.so.1 (0x00007f930ee42000)
    libtasn1.so.3 => /lib64/libtasn1.so.3 (0x00007f930ec31000)
    libp11-kit.so.0 => /lib64/libp11-kit.so.0 (0x00007f930ea1e000)
    libfreebl3.so => /lib64/libfreebl3.so (0x00007f930e7b3000)

Is there some command to retrieve only the libraries that are linked in as dependencies of dependencies?

You can do set difference of ldd and readelf -d outputs.

How to show all shared libraries used by executables in Linux?

  1. Use ldd to list shared libraries for each executable.
  2. Cleanup the output
  3. Sort, compute counts, sort by count

To find the answer for all executables in the "/bin" directory:

find /bin -type f -perm /a+x -exec ldd {} \; \
| grep so \
| sed -e '/^[^\t]/ d' \
| sed -e 's/\t//' \
| sed -e 's/.*=..//' \
| sed -e 's/ (0.*)//' \
| sort \
| uniq -c \
| sort -n

Change "/bin" above to "/" to search all directories.

Output (for just the /bin directory) will look something like this:

  1 /lib64/libexpat.so.0
  1 /lib64/libgcc_s.so.1
  1 /lib64/libnsl.so.1
  1 /lib64/libpcre.so.0
  1 /lib64/libproc-3.2.7.so
  1 /usr/lib64/libbeecrypt.so.6
  1 /usr/lib64/libbz2.so.1
  1 /usr/lib64/libelf.so.1
  1 /usr/lib64/libpopt.so.0
  1 /usr/lib64/librpm-4.4.so
  1 /usr/lib64/librpmdb-4.4.so
  1 /usr/lib64/librpmio-4.4.so
  1 /usr/lib64/libsqlite3.so.0
  1 /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6
  1 /usr/lib64/libz.so.1
  2 /lib64/libasound.so.2
  2 /lib64/libblkid.so.1
  2 /lib64/libdevmapper.so.1.02
  2 /lib64/libpam_misc.so.0
  2 /lib64/libpam.so.0
  2 /lib64/libuuid.so.1
  3 /lib64/libaudit.so.0
  3 /lib64/libcrypt.so.1
  3 /lib64/libdbus-1.so.3
  4 /lib64/libresolv.so.2
  4 /lib64/libtermcap.so.2
  5 /lib64/libacl.so.1
  5 /lib64/libattr.so.1
  5 /lib64/libcap.so.1
  6 /lib64/librt.so.1
  7 /lib64/libm.so.6
  9 /lib64/libpthread.so.0
 13 /lib64/libselinux.so.1
 13 /lib64/libsepol.so.1
 22 /lib64/libdl.so.2
 83 /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
 83 /lib64/libc.so.6

Edit - Removed "grep -P"

Check C++ shared dependencies at runtime (ldd on self)

I want to call void *handle = dlopen("...", ...)

Presumably you want to then call dlsym(handle, "SomePythonSymbol").

That is a pointless thing to do. Instead of performing dynamic lookup, simply call the SomePythonSymbol directly.

To answer your original "what version of libpython am I linked to" question, on a GLIBC-based system you can use dl_iterate_phdr to enumerate all currently loaded shared libraries.

If you already have a symbol that you know is defined in libpython, dladdr1 will make finding the library even easier.

List dependencies that do not have wheel

I think you could attempt to run

pip install --only-binary=:all:  -r requirements.txt

in the target platform and see what versions get resolved or what fails with a "No matching distribution found".

Beware that if you run into a pure python project that didn't publish a wheel yet, you should exempt it with the --no-binary flag.


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