How to Avoid Including Class Implementation Files

How can I avoid including class implementation files?

Separate compilation in a nutshell

First, let's get some quick examples out there:

struct ClassDeclaration;   // 'class' / 'struct' mean almost the same thing here
struct ClassDefinition {}; // the only difference is default accessibility
                           // of bases and members

void function_declaration();
void function_definition() {}

extern int global_object_declaration;
int global_object_definition;

template<class T>           // cannot replace this 'class' with 'struct'
struct ClassTemplateDeclaration;
template<class T>
struct ClassTemplateDefinition {};

template<class T>
void function_template_declaration();
template<class T>
void function_template_definition() {}

Translation Unit

A translation unit (TU) is a single source file (should be a **.cpp* file) and all the files it includes, and they include, etc. In other words: the result of preprocessing a single file.

Headers

Include guards are a hack to work around lack of a real module system, making headers into a kind of limited module; to this end, including the same header more than once must not have an adverse affect.

Include guards work by making subsequent #includes no-ops, with the definitions available from the first include. Because of their limited nature, macros which control header options should be consistent throughout a project (oddball headers like <assert.h> cause problems) and all #includes of public headers should be outside of any namespace, class, etc., usually at the top of any file.

See my include guard naming advice, including a short program to generate include guards.

Declarations

Classes, functions, objects, and templates may be declared almost anywhere, may be declared any number of times, and must be declared before referring to them in any way. In a few weird cases, you can declare classes as you use them; won't cover that here.

Definitions

Classes may be defined at most once^[1] per TU; this typically happens when you include a header for a particular class. Functions and objects must be defined once in exactly one TU; this typically happens when you implement them in a **.cpp* file. However, inline functions, including implicitly inline functions inside class definitions, may be defined in multiple TUs, but the definitions must be identical.

For practical purposes^[2], templates (both class templates and function templates) are defined only in headers, and if you want to use a separate file, then use another header^[3].

^[1] Because of the at-most-once restriction, headers use include guards to prevent multiple inclusion and thus multiple definition errors.

^[2] I won't cover the other possibilities here.

^[3] Name it blahblah_detail.hpp, blahblah_private.hpp, or similar if you want to document that it's non-public.

Guidelines

So, while I'm sure everything above is all a big ball of mud so far, it's less than a page on what should take up a few chapters, so use it as a brief reference. Understanding the concepts above, however, is important. Using those, here's a short list of guidelines (but not absolute rules):

Always name headers consistently in a single project, such as **.h* for C and **.hpp* for C++.
Never include a file which is not a header.
Always name implementation files (which are going to be directly compiled) consistently, such as **.c* and **.cpp*.
Use a build system which can compile your source files automatically. make is the canonical example, but there are many alternatives. Keep it simple in simple cases. For example, make can be used its built-in rules and even without a makefile.
Use a build system which can generate header dependencies. Some compilers can generate this with command-line switches, such as -M, so you can make a surprisingly useful system easily.

Build Process

(Here's the tiny bit that answers your question, but you need most of the above in order to get here.)

When you build, the build system will then go through several steps, of which the important ones for this discussion are:

compile each implementation file as a TU, producing an object file (**.o*, **.obj*)
- each is compiled independently of the others, which is why each TU needs declarations and definitions
link those files, along with libraries specified, into a single executable

I recommend you learn the rudiments of make, as it is popular, well-understood, and easy to get started with. However, it's an old system with several problems, and you'll want to switch to something else at some point.

Choosing a build system is almost a religious experience, like choosing an editor, except you'll have to work with more people (everyone working on the same project) and will likely be much more constrained by precedent and convention. You can use an IDE which handles the same details for you, but this has no real benefit from using a comprehensive build system instead, and you really should still know what it's doing under the hood.

File Templates

example.hpp

#ifndef EXAMPLE_INCLUDE_GUARD_60497EBE580B4F5292059C8705848F75
#define EXAMPLE_INCLUDE_GUARD_60497EBE580B4F5292059C8705848F75
// all project-specific macros for this project are prefixed "EXAMPLE_"

#include <ostream> // required headers/"modules"/libraries from the
#include <string>  // stdlib, this project, and elsewhere
#include <vector>

namespace example { // main namespace for this project
template<class T>
struct TemplateExample { // for practical purposes, just put entire
  void f() {}            // definition of class and all methods in header
  T data;
};

struct FooBar {
  FooBar(); // declared
  int size() const { return v.size(); } // defined (& implicitly inline)
private:
  std::vector<TemplateExample<int> > v;
};

int main(std::vector<std::string> args); // declared
} // example::

#endif

example.cpp

#include "example.hpp" // include the headers "specific to" this implementation
// file first, helps make sure the header includes anything it needs (is
// independent)

#include <algorithm> // anything additional not included by the header
#include <iostream>

namespace example {
FooBar::FooBar() : v(42) {} // define ctor

int main(std::vector<std::string> args) { // define function
  using namespace std; // use inside function scope, if desired, is always okay
  // but using outside function scope can be problematic
  cout << "doing real work now...\n"; // no std:: needed here
  return 42;
}
} // example::

main.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "example.hpp"

int main(int argc, char const** argv) try {
  // do any global initialization before real main
  return example::main(std::vector<std::string>(argv, argv + argc));
}
catch (std::exception& e) {
  std::cerr << "[uncaught exception: " << e.what() << "]\n";
  return 1; // or EXIT_FAILURE, etc.
}
catch (...) {
  std::cerr << "[unknown uncaught exception]\n";
  return 1; // or EXIT_FAILURE, etc.
}

Is it possible to avoid repeating the class name in the implementation file?

I'm guessing this is to avoid lots of "unnecessary typing". Sadly there's no way to get rid of the scope (as many other answers have told you) however what I do personally is get the class defined with all my function prototypes in nice rows, then copy/paste into the implementation file then ctrl-c your ClassName:: on the clip board and run up the line with ctrl-v.

Class implementation in a header file == bad style?

Including function definitions in a header file has some knock on effects and it's generally avoided. Functions defined in this manner are likely to be inlined, which will increase the size of your executable which can effect performance (in a positive or a negative way). Also, doing this can increase your build times, as having all definitions in line will increase the likelihood that you have to include additional files, etc.

The general practice is to put a classes interface in a header file (.h) and its implementation in a implementation file (.cpp).

In some cases it's required to have all of the code available -- as is the case with templates. The STL makes extensive use of templates and implementations of functions are included in the header files by necessity.

Preventing already defined error for class implementation in header file

You can easily solve your multiple defintion problem when you inline your code correctly:

class FooWrapper : public IFoo {
    virtual void foo() override {
      //some magic here
    }
};

C++ Interface (Header) and Implementation File Won't Work

Your header file BuckysClass.h does not have the <string> Header file included.

Add:

#include<string>
using namespace std;

you should remove these includes from the corresponding .cpp file and just keep BuckysClass.h in cpp files.

Problem with C++ header file and class implementation

I think that with john(4) you meant to call the setter function; you can replace it with

john.setTomato(4);

Also, the way you use it later is incorrect, you can do

std::cout << john.getTomato(); // do not forget ()

Finally you should be able to compile your example with:

g++ -c tomato_imp.cpp -o tomato_imp.o
g++ tomato_imp.o tomato_driver.cpp -o tomato

And run it with

./tomato

Do I need to include libraries in my main cpp, even if it's been included in a header file?

An include preprocessor directive tells the preprocessor to replace it with the contents of the file. Hence when you have

// some_header.h
#include <foo>

and

// some_source.cpp
#include <some_header.h>

then if you compile source.cpp, what the compiler gets to see after the preprocessing step is this:

// some_source.cpp
... contents of foo ...

That is: The #include <some_header.h> is replaced by contents of that header and #include <foo> is replaced by contents of foo.

No, you do not need to include headers twice. Though as headers should have include guards it also won't hurt. The recommonendation is: Include what you use (but not more).