Is the list of Python reserved words and builtins available in a library?
To verify that a string is a keyword you can use keyword.iskeyword; to get the list of reserved keywords you can use keyword.kwlist:
>>> import keyword
>>> keyword.iskeyword('break')
True
>>> keyword.kwlist
['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def',
'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import',
'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try',
'while', 'with', 'yield']
If you want to include built-in names as well (Python 3), then check the builtins module:
>>> import builtins
>>> dir(builtins)
['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError',
'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'BrokenPipeError', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning',
'ChildProcessError', 'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionError',
'ConnectionRefusedError', 'ConnectionResetError', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError',
'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'False', 'FileExistsError',
'FileNotFoundError', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError',
'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError',
'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError',
'MemoryError', 'NameError', 'None', 'NotADirectoryError', 'NotImplemented',
'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning',
'PermissionError', 'ProcessLookupError', 'RecursionError', 'ReferenceError',
'ResourceWarning', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StopAsyncIteration',
'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit',
'TabError', 'TimeoutError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError',
'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError',
'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'ZeroDivisionError', '_',
'__build_class__', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__loader__', '__name__',
'__package__', '__spec__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool',
'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile', 'complex',
'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval',
'exec', 'exit', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr',
'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int',
'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'map',
'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow',
'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set',
'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple',
'type', 'vars', 'zip']
For Python 2 you'll need to use the __builtin__ module
>>> import __builtin__
>>> dir(__builtin__)
['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'False', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'NameError', 'None', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'ReferenceError', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StandardError', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'WindowsError', 'ZeroDivisionError', '_', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__name__', '__package__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'apply', 'basestring', 'bin', 'bool', 'buffer', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'cmp', 'coerce', 'compile', 'complex', 'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'execfile', 'exit', 'file', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'intern', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'long', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'raw_input', 'reduce', 'reload', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'unichr', 'unicode', 'vars', 'xrange', 'zip']
Python full keywords list
import keyword
print(keyword.kwlist)
lists all the keywords.
In order to get all the built-ins,
import builtins
print(dir(builtins))
gives you all the built-ins:
['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError', 'BrokenPipeError', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'ChildProcessError', 'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionError', 'ConnectionRefusedError', 'ConnectionResetError', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'False', 'FileExistsError', 'FileNotFoundError', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'ModuleNotFoundError', 'NameError', 'None', 'NotADirectoryError', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'PermissionError', 'ProcessLookupError', 'RecursionError', 'ReferenceError', 'ResourceWarning', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StopAsyncIteration', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'TimeoutError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError', 'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'WindowsError', 'ZeroDivisionError', '__build_class__', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile', 'complex', 'copyright', 'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'exec', 'exit', 'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']
Why isn't 'list' a reserved word in Python?
Only keywords are reserved.
list is not a keyword but a built-in type, as are str, set, dict, unicode, int, float, etc.
There is no point in reserving each and every possible built-in type; python is a dynamic language and if you want to replace the built-in types with a local name that shadows it, you should be able to.
Think of list and the other types as a pre-imported library of object types; you wouldn't expect defaultdict from collections to be reserved either?
Use a static code analyzer to catch errors like these; most IDEs let you integrate one with ease.
Get hints of reserved words in a working IDLE console?
For keywords, you need to put them in quotes (otherwise help(keyword) would not be a syntactically correct statement).
>>> help('assert')
The "assert" statement
**********************
Assert statements are a convenient way to insert debugging assertions
into a program:
...
You can use the keyword module to discover what exactly the Python grammar's keywords are.
Is there python code in the Python standard library that uses variable names that shadow builtins?
The builtin I most often shadow is id, both because it's so useful as a variable name, and the builtin is so rarely called anyway. A quick look in the 2.7 standard library turned up a number of uses:
aifc.py: if id == marker[0]:
aifc.py: id = _read_short(chunk)
aifc.py: if id == self._markers[i][0]:
aifc.py: if id == marker[0]:
difflib.py: id = ' id="%s%s"' % (self._prefix[side],linenum)
difflib.py: id = ''
nntplib.py: id = ''
nntplib.py: id = words[2]
nntplib.py: resp, nr, id = self.statparse(resp)
pdb.py: id = idstring[0].strip()
pdb.py: id = idstring[1].strip()
pdb.py: if id == '': return failed
platform.py: id = values[2]
platform.py: id = ''
platform.py: id = l[1]
platform.py: id = _id
There are plenty of uses of str, list, and int also:
Cookie.py: str = str[1:-1]
mailcap.py: str = os.environ['MAILCAPS']
mimetools.py: str = self.typeheader
mimetools.py: str = 'text/plain'
mimetools.py: str = str[:i]
mimetools.py: str = self.plisttext
mimetools.py: str = str[1:]
mimetools.py: str = str[end:]
rfc822.py: str = m.getheader(name)
rfc822.py: str = m.getrawheader(name)
smtplib.py: str = ""
smtplib.py: str = '%s%s' % (cmd, CRLF)
smtplib.py: str = '%s %s%s' % (cmd, args, CRLF)
sre_parse.py: pattern.str = str
xmllib.py: str = res.group(1)
xmllib.py: str = chr(int(str[2:], 16))
xmllib.py: str = chr(int(str[1:]))
xmllib.py: str = self.entitydefs[str]
xmllib.py: str = '&' + str + ';'
uuid.py: int = long(hex, 16)
uuid.py: int = long(('%02x'*16) % tuple(map(ord, bytes)), 16)
uuid.py: int = ((time_low << 96L) | (time_mid << 80L) |
SimpleHTTPServer.py: list = os.listdir(path)
StringIO.py:list = f.readlines()# list of f.readline() results until EOF
StringIO.py: list = f.readlines()
anydbm.py: list = d.keys() # return a list of all existing keys (slow!)
asynchat.py: self.list = deque()
asynchat.py: self.list = deque(list)
bdb.py: list = self.breaks[filename]
cgi.py: list = None
cgi.py: list = traceback.format_tb(tb, limit) + \
code.py: list = traceback.format_exception_only(type, value)
code.py: list = traceback.format_list(tblist)
dircache.py: cached_mtime, list = cache[path]
dircache.py: cached_mtime, list = -1, []
dircache.py: list = os.listdir(path)
mailbox.py: # list = map(long, filter(pat.match, os.listdir(self.dirname)))
mailbox.py: list = os.listdir(self.dirname)
mailbox.py: list = filter(pat.match, list)
mailbox.py: list = map(long, list)
mhlib.py:list = mh.listfolders() # names of top-level folders
mhlib.py:list = mh.listallfolders() # names of all folders, including subfolders
mhlib.py:list = mh.listsubfolders(name) # direct subfolders of given folder
mhlib.py:list = mh.listallsubfolders(name) # all subfolders of given folder
mhlib.py:list = f.listmessages() # list of messages in folder (as numbers)
mhlib.py:list = f.parsesequence(seq) # parse msgs syntax into list of messages
mhlib.py: list = []
mhlib.py: list = map(int, stuff.split())
multifile.py: list = []
nntplib.py: list = []
nntplib.py: resp, list = self.longcmd('LIST', file)
nntplib.py: resp, list = self.longcmd(line, file)
pickle.py: list = stack[-1]
pickle.py: list = stack[mark - 1]
pipes.py: list = []
poplib.py: list = []; octets = 0
pstats.py: width, list = self.get_print_list(amount)
pstats.py: width, list = self.get_print_list(amount)
pstats.py: width, list = self.get_print_list(amount)
rexec.py: list = []
rfc822.py: list = m.getaddrlist(name)
shelve.py: list = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!)
socket.py: list = []
telnetlib.py: list = list[:]
traceback.py: list = []
traceback.py: list = []
traceback.py: list = ['Traceback (most recent call last):\n']
traceback.py: list = list + format_tb(tb, limit)
traceback.py: list = []
traceback.py: list = list + format_exception_only(etype, value)
traceback.py: list = []
xdrlib.py: list = []
xdrlib.py: list = []
and there are too many file and dir uses to post...
List of python keywords
You are better of using the keyword module
>>> import keyword
>>> keyword.kwlist
['and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'exec', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'print', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']
Is it possible to get a list of keywords in Python?
You asked about statements, while showing keywords in your output example.
If you're looking for keywords, they're all listed in the keyword module:
>>> import keyword
>>> keyword.kwlist
['and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif',
'else', 'except', 'exec', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import',
'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'print', 'raise', 'return', 'try',
'while', 'with', 'yield']
From the keyword.kwlist doc:
Sequence containing all the keywords defined for the interpreter. If any keywords are defined to only be active when particular
__future__statements are in effect, these will be included as well.
Retrieve 'builtins' respectively by their types
IIUC, you could iterate over __builtins__.__dict__. Though, you'd still need to invert the dictionary after.
d = {k : type(v) for k, v in builtins.__dict__.items()}
d2 = {}
for k, v in d.items():
d2.setdefault(v, []).append(k)
Similar solution with a collections.defaultdict -
from collections import defaultdict
d = {k : type(v) for k, v in builtins.__dict__.items()}
d2 = defaultdict(list)
for k, v in d.items():
d2[v].append(k)
This happens to be a bit more efficient than the first solution.
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