What Are the Benefits of Using C# VS F# or F# VS C#

What are the benefits of using C# vs F# or F# vs C#?

General benefits of functional programming over imperative languages:

You can formulate many problems much easier, closer to their definition and more concise in a functional programming language like F# and your code is less error-prone (immutability, more powerful type system, intuitive recurive algorithms). You can code what you mean instead of what the computer wants you to say ;-) You will find many discussions like this when you google it or even search for it at SO.

Special F#-advantages:

• Asynchronous programming is extremely easy and intuitive with async {}-expressions - Even with ParallelFX, the corresponding C#-code is much bigger

• Very easy integration of compiler compilers and domain-specific languages

• Extending the language as you need it: LOP

• Units of measure

• More flexible syntax

• Often shorter and more elegant solutions

Take a look at this document

The advantages of C# are that it's often more accurate to "imperative"-applications (User-interface, imperative algorithms) than a functional programming language, that the .NET-Framework it uses is designed imperatively and that it's more widespread.

Furthermore you can have F# and C# together in one solution, so you can combine the benefits of both languages and use them where they're needed.

Is it C# or C#.NET?

C# is a language, .NET is platform.

There are lot of languages on .NET: C#, Visual Basic, IronRuby and more.

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Visual C++ vs Visual C# , which is the best to learn?

Visual C++ and Visual C# are not languages nor GUI frameworks; they are Integrated Development Environments - IDEs. This means they are text editors tailored to the task of development.

Visual C++ lets you code in C++, Visual C# lets you code in C#. Also, both let you create GUIs in a point-and-click manner.

Sounds like what you really want to do is create GUIs. In that case, without having further information, I recommend you go for C#. It is a much cleaner language than C++, it has fewer ways to shoot yourself in the foot, and it provides access to the immensely useful .NET framework.

C# features that C++ doesn't have:

• Fully automatic memory management
• Lambda functions¹
• Type inference¹
• Reflection
• Remoting
• Automatic serialization
• True entity types
• Properties
• Database integration via LINQ
• Convenient functional-style programming via LINQ
• No header files
• No undefined behavior
• Direct interoperability with many languages
• Compile once, run everywhere

¹ these features have been added to C++ in the C++11 standard.

C++ features that C# doesn't have

• Template metaprogramming
• Typedefs
• Zero-overhead principle
• Means to enforce const-correctness
• Mature compilers that produce extremely optimized code nowadays
• Much wider platform support

What are major differences between C# and Java?

Comparing Java 7 and C# 3

(Some features of Java 7 aren't mentioned here, but the using statement advantage of all versions of C# over Java 1-6 has been removed.)

Not all of your summary is correct:

• In Java methods are virtual by default but you can make them final. (In C# they're sealed by default, but you can make them virtual.)
• There are plenty of IDEs for Java, both free (e.g. Eclipse, Netbeans) and commercial (e.g. IntelliJ IDEA)

Beyond that (and what's in your summary already):

• Generics are completely different between the two; Java generics are just a compile-time "trick" (but a useful one at that). In C# and .NET generics are maintained at execution time too, and work for value types as well as reference types, keeping the appropriate efficiency (e.g. a List<byte> as a byte[] backing it, rather than an array of boxed bytes.)
• C# doesn't have checked exceptions
• Java doesn't allow the creation of user-defined value types
• Java doesn't have operator and conversion overloading
• Java doesn't have iterator blocks for simple implemetation of iterators
• Java doesn't have anything like LINQ
• Partly due to not having delegates, Java doesn't have anything quite like anonymous methods and lambda expressions. Anonymous inner classes usually fill these roles, but clunkily.
• Java doesn't have expression trees
• C# doesn't have anonymous inner classes
• C# doesn't have Java's inner classes at all, in fact - all nested classes in C# are like Java's static nested classes
• Java doesn't have static classes (which don't have any instance constructors, and can't be used for variables, parameters etc)
• Java doesn't have any equivalent to the C# 3.0 anonymous types
• Java doesn't have implicitly typed local variables
• Java doesn't have extension methods
• Java doesn't have object and collection initializer expressions
• The access modifiers are somewhat different - in Java there's (currently) no direct equivalent of an assembly, so no idea of "internal" visibility; in C# there's no equivalent to the "default" visibility in Java which takes account of namespace (and inheritance)
• The order of initialization in Java and C# is subtly different (C# executes variable initializers before the chained call to the base type's constructor)
• Java doesn't have properties as part of the language; they're a convention of get/set/is methods
• Java doesn't have the equivalent of "unsafe" code
• Interop is easier in C# (and .NET in general) than Java's JNI
• Java and C# have somewhat different ideas of enums. Java's are much more object-oriented.
• Java has no preprocessor directives (#define, #if etc in C#).
• Java has no equivalent of C#'s ref and out for passing parameters by reference
• Java has no equivalent of partial types
• C# interfaces cannot declare fields
• Java has no unsigned integer types
• Java has no language support for a decimal type. (java.math.BigDecimal provides something like System.Decimal - with differences - but there's no language support)
• Java has no equivalent of nullable value types
• Boxing in Java uses predefined (but "normal") reference types with particular operations on them. Boxing in C# and .NET is a more transparent affair, with a reference type being created for boxing by the CLR for any value type.

This is not exhaustive, but it covers everything I can think of off-hand.

What are the advantages of F# over C# for enterprise application development?

You can express a lot of concepts much more concisely in a functional language like F#.

Functions are first class objects, and can be applied directly to collections to perform transformations/filtering much more efficiently.

Immutability is encouraged in functional languages, and this makes (for instance) multi-threaded code much more reliable (you know data structures aren't changing under you).

By being able to write multi-threaded code more reliably and more easily it's much easier to take advantage of multiple processors/cores (increasingly important now Moore's law doesn;t apply so much).

Note that you can use your existing C# objects within F#. As such, you may want to write certain parts of your code in F# and other parts in C#. You should be able to mix and match according to your requirements and the suitability of each approach.

C# vs C - Big performance difference

Since you never use 'root', the compiler may have been removing the call to optimize your method.

You could try to accumulate the square root values into an accumulator, print it out at the end of the method, and see what's going on.

Edit : see Jalf's answer below

What is the C# Using block and why should I use it?

If the type implements IDisposable, it automatically disposes that type.

Given:

public class SomeDisposableType : IDisposable
{
   ...implmentation details...
}

These are equivalent:

SomeDisposableType t = new SomeDisposableType();
try {
    OperateOnType(t);
}
finally {
    if (t != null) {
        ((IDisposable)t).Dispose();
    }
}

using (SomeDisposableType u = new SomeDisposableType()) {
    OperateOnType(u);
}

The second is easier to read and maintain.

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Since C# 8 there is a new syntax for using that may make for more readable code:

using var x = new SomeDisposableType();

It doesn't have a { } block of its own and the scope of the using is from the point of declaration to the end of the block it is declared in. It means you can avoid stuff like:

string x = null;
using(var someReader = ...)
{
  x = someReader.Read();
}

And have this:

using var someReader = ...;
string x = someReader.Read();

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