Bootstrap Font Awesome and IE8
Fonts only work when viewed in IE8 mode (not compatibility or IE7 standards mode) so make sure that your browser is set to that mode. Further down on the roadmap section of the page you can see where they list future support for IE7, which IE8 compat view should be emulating.
Font Awesome not appearing in Internet Explorer 8
After some painful troubleshooting I finally worked it out.
The solution was to move the loading of HTML5Shiv from the <head> section to just before the </body> tag.
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="//html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
</body>
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