Signedness of Enum in C/C99/C++/C++X/Gnu C/Gnu C99

Signedness of enum in C/C99/C++/C++x/GNU C/GNU C99

An enum is guaranteed to be represented by an integer, but the actual type (and its signedness) is implementation-dependent.

You can force an enumeration to be represented by a signed type by giving one of the enumerators a negative value:

enum SignedEnum { a = -1 };

In C++0x, the underlying type of an enumeration can be explicitly specified:

enum ShortEnum : short { a };

(C++0x also adds support for scoped enumerations)

For completeness, I'll add that in The C Programming Language, 2nd ed., enumerators are specified as having type int (p. 215). K&R is not the C standard, so that's not normative for ISO C compilers, but it does predate the ISO C standard, so it's at least interesting from a historical standpoint.

Which header should I include for `size_t`?

Assuming I wanted to minimize the functions and types I was importing I'd go with cstddef as it doesn't declare any functions and only declares 6 types. The others focus on particular domains (strings, time, IO) that may not matter to you.

Note that cstddef only guarantees to define std::size_t, that is, defining size_t in namespace std, although it may provide this name also in the global namespace (effectively, plain size_t).

In contrast, stddef.h (which is also a header available in C) guarantees to define size_t in the global namespace, and may also provide std::size_t.

What is the difference between g++ and gcc?

gcc and g++ are compiler-drivers of the GNU Compiler Collection (which was once upon a time just the GNU C Compiler).

Even though they automatically determine which backends (cc1 cc1plus ...) to call depending on the file-type, unless overridden with -x language, they have some differences.

The probably most important difference in their defaults is which libraries they link against automatically.

According to GCC's online documentation link options and how g++ is invoked, g++ is equivalent to gcc -xc++ -lstdc++ -shared-libgcc (the 1st is a compiler option, the 2nd two are linker options). This can be checked by running both with the -v option (it displays the backend toolchain commands being run).

How do I find a factorial?

This will work for the factorial (although a very small subset) of positive integers:

unsigned long factorial(unsigned long f)
{
    if ( f == 0 ) 
        return 1;
    return(f * factorial(f - 1));
}

printf("%i", factorial(5));

Due to the nature of your problem (and level that you have admitted), this solution is based more in the concept of solving this rather than a function that will be used in the next "Permutation Engine".

Using true and false in C

Just include <stdbool.h> if your system provides it. That defines a number of macros, including bool, false, and true (defined to _Bool, 0, and 1 respectively). See section 7.16 of C99 for more details.

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