How to Unbind a Listener That Is Calling Event.Preventdefault() (Using Jquery)

event.preventDefault() on first click then remove

You can pass false to one():

$(".subnav a").one("click", false);

Passing false instead of a handler is equivalent to passing a handler that returns false, effectively stopping the event's propagation and preventing its default behavior.

This is explained in the documentation for bind():

In jQuery 1.4.3 you can now pass in false in place of an event
handler. This will bind an event handler equivalent to: function() {
return false; }.

How to reenable event.preventDefault?

You would have to unbind the event and either rebind to a separate event that does not preventDefault or just call the default event yourself later in the method after unbinding.
There is no magical event.cancelled=false;

As requested

 $('form').submit( function(ev){

         ev.preventDefault();

         //later you decide you want to submit
         $(this).unbind('submit').submit()

  });

How to disable preventDefault in an event listener using Vanilla JS

I think you should return true/false from your validateForm() function to prevent/submit the form.

1. You have to return value from the function in the html markup:

<form id="contact_form" onsubmit="return validateForm();">

2. Return true/false from your validateForm() based on validation.

function validateForm() {
  var error = "";
    ................
    ................
    ................
    if (error != "") {
       document.getElementById("errorDiv").style.display = "block";
       document.getElementById("errorDiv").innerHTML = "<b>There wer error(s) in the   form, please complete all required fields</b>" + error;
       return false;

   } else {
     return true;
  }
 }

3. Does not required to prevent form submit so remove this code.

   var element = document.querySelector('form');
   element.addEventListener('submit', event => {
   event.preventDefault();
   });
   

restore event to default action in jquery after event.prenventdefault

Hard to answer without better specifics, but if I understand what you have properly if you have something you can track state with you can preventDefault when you wish to block this behavior and let it fall through otherwise:

Psudocode:

var state = {
   blockArrows: true;
}

$('#my_widget').keydown(function(e) {
  if(state.blockArrows) {
    e.preventDefault();
  }
  // ...else allow the event to do its normal thing....///
});

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