Em Vs Px... for Mobile Browsers

em vs px... for mobile browsers

px won't be a real actual pixel when the screen is zoomed out on a modern mobile browser. These browsers are effectively emulating a desktop browser with desktop browser-size pixels.

So for this type of browser using px is no worse than it is for a normal desktop browser. You can do it if you want without major problems, but in both situations em is preferable for the main body content, if you can.

px or em when creating a website for mobile devices?

Mobile browser handle font-size defining with pixel perfectly, because they are using for rendering not usual physic pixel but screen pixel.

Why em instead of px?

The reason I asked this question was that I forgot how to use em's as it was a while I was hacking happily in CSS. People didn't notice that I kept the question general as I wasn't talking about sizing fonts per se. I was more interested in how to define styles on any given block element on the page.

As Henrik Paul and others pointed out em is proportional to the font-size used in the element. It's a common practice to define sizes on block elements in px, however, sizing up fonts in browsers usually breaks this design. Resizing fonts is commonly done with the shortcut keys Ctrl++ or Ctrl+-. So a good practice is to use em's instead.

Using px to define the width

Here is an illustrating example. Say we have a div-tag that we want to turn into a stylish date box, we may have HTML-code that looks like this:

<div class="date-box">
    <p class="month">July</p>
    <p class="day">4</p>
</div>

A simple implementation would defining the width of the date-box class in px:

* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }

p.month { font-size: 10pt; }

p.day { font-size: 24pt; font-weight: bold; }

div.date-box {
    background-color: #DD2222;
    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
    color: white;
    width: 50px;
}

The problem

However, if we want to size the text up in our browser the design will break. The text will also bleed outside the box which is almost the same what happens with SO's design as flodin points out. This is because the box will remain the same size in width as it is locked to 50px.

Using em instead

A smarter way is to define the width in ems instead:

div.date-box {
    background-color: #DD2222;
    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
    color: white;
    width: 2.5em;
}

* { margin: 0; padding: 0; font-size: 10pt; }

// Initial width of date-box = 10 pt x 2.5 em = 25 pt
// Will also work if you used px instead of pt

That way you have a fluid design on the date-box, i.e. the box will size up together with the text in proportion to the font-size defined for the date-box. In this example, the font-size is defined in * as 10pt and will size up 2.5 times to that font size. So when you're sizing the fonts in the browser, the box will have 2.5 times the size of that font-size.

Best font size em or px to use for Website and Web apps?

This is an extremely subjective question. In addition, there are more options than just em and px: rem, em, px, vw/vh. Understanding how they all work is the key to picking which one is best for you and you app depending on the situation. Most of the time I use rem/em for responsive reasons, but there are times with vw/vh or px are a better option for me. It totally depends on what you're trying to accomplish.

HTML: How common is it that different browsers render 1em at a different actual px size?

No, you cannot.

The size of em in pixels is related to the font type & size you're using, the resolution of your screen (depending on OS, browser), and possible further OS and browser settings - eg "Show fonts +10%" may alter the em value.

Em vs Px and cross browser compatibility

Strictly speaking the use of em over px isn't really a cross-browser compatibility issue - all browsers support the use of them both for font-sizing.

It used to be advisable to avoid using px for font sizing as the browser with the biggest market share, IE6, wouldn't allow text resizing. It sees px as an absolute value, not a relative value like em, and so wouldn't scale text up or down sized in px.

Depending on your audience you may not need to worry about it. There's some great info on the benefits of the em, and how they can help towards building a fluid layout here: http://www.alistapart.com/articles/fluidgrids/

Should I use px or rem value units in my CSS?

TL;DR: use px.

The Facts

First, it's extremely important to know that per spec, the CSS px unit does not equal one physical display pixel. This has always been true – even in the 1996 CSS 1 spec.
CSS defines the reference pixel, which measures the size of a pixel on a 96 dpi display. On a display that has a dpi substantially different than 96dpi (like Retina displays), the user agent rescales the px unit so that its size matches that of a reference pixel. In other words, this rescaling is exactly why 1 CSS pixel equals 2 physical Retina display pixels.
That said, up until 2010 (and the mobile zoom situation notwithstanding), the px almost always did equal one physical pixel, because all widely available displays were around 96dpi.

Sizes specified in ems are relative to the parent element. This leads to the em's "compounding problem" where nested elements get progressively larger or smaller. For example:

  body { font-size:20px; } 
  div { font-size:0.5em; }

Gives us:

  <body> - 20px
      <div> - 10px
          <div> - 5px
              <div> - 2.5px
                  <div> - 1.25px

The CSS3 rem, which is always relative only to the root html element, is now supported on 99.67% of all browsers in use.

The Opinion

I think everyone agrees that it's good to design your pages to be accommodating to everyone, and to make consideration for the visually impaired. One such consideration (but not the only one!) is allowing users to make the text of your site bigger, so that it's easier to read.

In the beginning, the only way to provide users a way to scale text size was by using relative size units (such as ems). This is because the browser's font size menu simply changed the root font size. Thus, if you specified font sizes in px, they wouldn't scale when changing the browser's font size option.

Modern browsers (and even the not-so-modern IE7) all changed the default scaling method to simply zooming in on everything, including images and box sizes. Essentially, they make the reference pixel larger or smaller.

Yes, someone could still change their browser default stylesheet to tweak the default font size (the equivalent of the old-style font size option), but that's a very esoteric way of going about it and I'd wager nobody¹ does it. (In Chrome, it's buried under the advanced settings, Web content, Font Sizes. In IE9, it's even more hidden. You have to press Alt, and go to View, Text Size.) It's much easier to just select the Zoom option in the browser's main menu (or use Ctrl++/-/mouse wheel).

^{1 - within statistical error, naturally}

If we assume most users scale pages using the zoom option, I find relative units mostly irrelevant. It's much easier to develop your page when everything is specified in the same unit (images are all dealt with in pixels), and you don't have to worry about compounding. ("I was told there would be no math" – there's dealing with having to calculate what 1.5em actually works out to.)

One other potential problem of using only relative units for font sizes is that user-resized fonts may break assumptions your layout makes. For example, this might lead to text getting clipped or running too long. If you use absolute units, you don't have to worry about unexpected font sizes from breaking your layout.

So my answer is use pixel units. I use px for everything. Of course, your situation may vary, and if you must support IE6 (may the gods of the RFCs have mercy on you), you'll have to use ems anyway.

Why use rem instead px when it's the same anyway?

So after all the research, I came to the conclusion that the only advantage of rem, is that users who use a bigger default font-size in their browser setting, will get the font-size scaled properly, while px will not scale. In other words, using rem for font-size, adds support for Accessibility to your website.

To sum up:

rem is a way to add support for Accessibility to your website.
Keep in mind, most users use zoom instead of font-size change in their browser and phones, because zoom easier to access.
Browser zoom has additonal affect on em, in other words, it scales rem and px equally.
Since 2012, rem is supported by all major browsers on desktop and mobile devices.
Use px as fall back option for IE8 and lower.
Although not specified by W3C, all browser across desktop and mobile devices have implemented a default font-sizeof 16px (feel free to Google yourself), which equals to 1rem/em
To make the conversion easier between px and rem you can use html {font-size: 62.5%;} which converts 10px to 1rem

In one sentence: Use rem with px on font-size to support accessibility.

html {
    font-size: 62.5%;
}

.your_class {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-size: 1.6rem;
}

CSS - What is best to use for this case (px, %, vw, wh or em)?

Note that I only mentioned the ones you asked about.

Here you can see the full list of CSS measurement units: CSS Units in W3Schools

Rather than telling you which one is the "right one", I would rather want you to understand what each one actually is.

Pixels (px): Absolute pixels. So for example, 20px will be literally 20 pixels on any screen. If a monitor is of 1980x1200, and you set an element's height to 200px, the element will take 200 pixels out of that.

Percentage (%): Relative to the parent value.

So for this example:

<div style="width: 200px;">
    <div style="width: 50%;"></div>
</div>

The inner div will have a width of 100 pixels.

Viewport height/width (vw/vh): Size relative to the viewport (browser window, basically).

Example:

.myDiv {
    width: 100vw;
    height: 100vh;
    background-color: red;
}

Will make an cover the whole browser in red. This is very common among flexboxes as it's naturally responsive.

Emeters (em) and Root Emeters (rem): em is relative to the parent element's font size. rem will be relative to the html font-size (mostly 16 pixels). This is very useful if you want to keep an "in mind relativity of sizes" over your project, and not using variables by pre-processors like Sass and Less. Just easier and more intuitive, I guess.

Example:

.myDiv {
    font-size: 0.5rem;
}

Font size will be 8 pixels.

Now that you know, choose the right one for the right purpose.

Em Vs Px... for Mobile Browsers